It’s a pleasure to see America once again respected on the world stage. President Obama has done a remarkable job on his recent international tour. It’s a good thing he’s back because we could use his diplomatic skills right here in our own backyard. Earlier this month the Honduran military stormed the presidential palace and escorted President Manuel Zelaya out of the country. The Honduran Congress appointed Roberto Micheletti to replace him. Predictably, their actions drew overwhelming international condemnation. The Organization of American States has even ousted Honduras from their group.
We should, however, examine the situation a little more closely before piling on. The Honduran Constitution limits the President to one single term. It’s smart, perhaps even essential, for a country to put some type of term limit on the chief executive. How many times have we seen a struggling democracy derailed as the leader takes extraordinary steps to stay in power? Many successful nations, including those as diverse as the United States, Brazil, and South Africa place a constitutional term limit on the president. In the not to distant future, all countries should have to demonstrate to the international community that they have an irrevocable term limit on their chief executive.
Zelaya, who had less than a year left in office, wanted to amend the Constitution so he could remain in power. The Honduran Supreme Court ruled his actions illegal. All amendments must be approved by two separate sessions of the legislature. But Zelaya planned to go ahead with an official referendum anyway. It was then that the Honduran Congress directed the military to intervene. Regular elections are still scheduled for next year. Micheletti, the man appointed by the legislature, was already the ranking member of the Congress, comes from the same political party as Zelaya, and has said that he has no plans to run again. This hardly counts as a dangerously unsettling military coup. Sounds more like a country responsibly using the political process to remove an out of control leader. The world would be a much saner, safer place if it happened more often.
Imagine if George Bush had decided to hold a national referendum with less than a year left in office in order to extend the two-term limit that we place on our own presidency. There would, of course, be a national uproar. Congress would condemn the action. Someone would file a legal challenge to the referendum, which the Supreme Court would naturally affirm, (yes, even this court) since it does not adhere to the amendment process. Imagine then, that Bush ignored the court and congress and simply pushed ahead by arbitrarily announcing that he was going to go ahead with an official referendum anyway because he wanted to discern the “will of the people”. Undoubtedly, he would then be quickly impeached and removed from office. This is essentially what happened in Honduras.
Admittedly, Honduras could have been smarter, wiser, and fairer in how they handled the situation. The legislature should have formally and openly removed Zelaya from office before taking military action against him. It’s important in these situations to follow due process to avoid the appearance of impropriety. They also could have done a much better job of assuring the international community, particularly their Central American neighbors in the OAS of the validity of their intentions. The region has a painful history of violent military coups. One cannot blame the OAS for being concerned about the potential contagions of this one.
Reaction within the US has predictably broken along the stereotypical liberal/ conservative axis. Many left-leaning commentators have shamefully shied away from the situation to avoid appearing to be on the politically incorrect side of a cold war that no longer has any meaning. Meanwhile, conservative critics merely point to Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez’s involvement-as if that were proof enough of the illicitness of Zelaya’s actions. President Obama has publicly said that Zelaya should be put back in office. But this may have been stated to prevent critics of Washington like Chavez from alleging US involvement. As with the election debacle in Iran, we have to be careful how we show support.
Still, that does not mean that the US should not attempt to play a slightly more active role as long as our position is based on real democratic principles rather than simple national self-interest or stale cold war thinking. We’ve already suspended military aid. That’s smart symbolically and realistically. Seen or unseen, we should not be adding fuel to a potential fire. Some have suggested that we also stop humanitarian aid. But this would be wrong to punish the poorest country in the hemisphere for taking positive steps to avoid sinking into the type of stifling dictatorship that always leads to decades of the most depressing physical, intellectual, and spirit-crushing poverty.
It’s important to set a framework for a reasonable resolution before positions harden. Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Oscar Arias has agreed to act as a mediator. Let’s hope that he can strike the right balance between principle and political expediency. Any elected legislature, even one like Honduras that regrettably does not have a formal impeachment process in place, should certainly have the right to remove a leader who has shown contempt for its constitutional process. But that government also has the responsibility to demonstrate to the international community its strong commitment to democratic ideals. Sadly, Honduras continues to explain its actions by simply invoking its prerogative of national sovereignty rather than the constitutional principle that is clearly on their side. They need to do a better job of articulating their case to the world. The government needs to reaffirm that regular elections will be held within a year. Letting Zelaya, who clearly wants to remain in office indefinitely, to resume the presidency in even a limited capacity is an invitation for a worse crisis later next year. But perhaps he should be allowed to return without the threat of arrest as long as he will drop any presidential aspirations. A little amnesty will go a long way to achieving a political solution. With neither Zelaya nor Micheletti on the ballot, Hondurans can truly move forward with a viable democracy, secure in the knowledge that they have avoided a typical trap that has tragically snared so many other nations throughout the previous century.
Tuesday, July 28, 2009
Saturday, December 09, 2006
Consensus in Iraq, Our Last Best Chance
Consensus in Iraq, Our Last Best Chance
After ignoring the necessity for so long, Iraq exit strategies are all the rage among neo-cons these days. Now that they’ve been emboldened by some electoral success, it’s also the main topic of discussion for liberals. Like Richard Nixon’s supposed secret plan to end the Viet Nam war in 1968, most are short on details let alone substance. Almost without exception, they call for the gradual withdrawal of American troops contingent on the Iraqis coming to a viable power sharing arrangement. The long awaited report of the Iraqi Study Group is shaping up to be a non-event along the same lines.
It was originally thought by the neo-cons (and presumably by those democrats who went along with them in voting for this ill-conceived war) that democracy would be a natural and logical by-product of the removal of Saddam Hussein. Some of those same neo-cons now say that democracy may not be possible in Iraq; what’s needed is a strongman to re-assert order. Hopefully, the situation has not deteriorated so badly that the U.S. would publicly support a dictator, although it certainly would not be the first time that the U.S compromised principle in exchange for some imagined stability.
A closer look at the main obstacles to peace (and some reasonable facsimile of democracy) may yield a better way forward. First and foremost is the lack of Sunni involvement. The Sunnis have never fully participated in the process because they understandably feel that the Shiites will overwhelm them. Secondly, a small group of fundamentalists, Sunni and Shiite respectively, are against any democratic process at all. Thirdly, the retributive tide of sectarian violence has almost reached the point of no return. And finally, the issue of Kurdish autonomy is something to be considered within Iraqi and its impact on its neighbors in the greater Gulf region.
With so much on the table, one can see the difficulty of attempting to come to an acceptable arrangement. Wouldn’t a better approach be to put in play a power sharing process as opposed to a point in time arrangement? It would have to be somewhat malleable so that the Iraqis could tweak it and call it their own. It would also, necessarily, have to work well with the existing structure of government. At this stage of the game, it’s much too late to go back to square one to write a new constitution. And most importantly of all, it should be flexible enough to evolve as the situation improves. With that in mind I’d like to propose the following steps.
1). Amend the Iraqi Constitution to create a Senate. The key to a process forward may be in our own Senate. No, our Senators themselves are not the solution. They would undoubtedly make things worse. But creating something like the U.S. Senate to function alongside (and more significantly, in some cases above) the Iraqi General Assembly may be just what’s needed. If a Senate were created roughly comprised of nine districts- three in the Shiite South, three in the Sunni triangle, and three in the Kurdish North, with two senators representing each district, no religious or ethnic group could dominate. This would induce the Sunnis to come back to the table in a meaningful way. The Shiites would be assured in knowing that they would still control a majority of the General Assembly. The Iraqi Senate would work alongside the General Assembly for regular laws. As in our own system, a law would have to be passed by both houses by simple majority. With ten senators needed to pass any law, the various groups would be forced to work together.
The current Constitution already has a process for amendments. And happily, it already has a second legislative body that can function like a Senate. The Council of Union was created to examine bills related to regions and provinces. The rest of its powers have been left open to be determined by future laws. It is this body that could be elevated to the status of “Senate”, although we would still call it by its current name the Council of Union. It might also be possible to legally put this in play ahead of the amendment process.
Ideally, the nine Senate Districts will straddle the eighteen provinces. That is, no province should lie entirely within one Senate district. Creating an overlapping meshwork will strengthen the Federal system. It will circumvent the type of provincialism that can be very obstructionist if much less deadly than the sectarian paradigm we have now. It may also eliminate the need for provinces banding together to form regions as is allowed in Chapter 5 of the Constitution. This particular provision lends a level of uncertainty to the situation particularly from the sectarian standpoint liable to cause problems later. More importantly, it allows for a process forward over the long term. Ideally, the Senate Districts will not be perceived to be Sunni, Shiite, or Kurdish forever.
But it is with its executive powers that the Senate would have the most appeal to the present Iraqi situation. All cabinet positions would have to be approved by a super majority, two-thirds + one. Thirteen Senators would be needed to approve each cabinet position. It would work best if, as in our own system, this were the exclusive province of the Senate. But the General assembly already has that constitutional authority so in this regard they would work in tandem. The Senate would also serve directly (and exclusively) as a board of directors of the oil ministry and the defense ministry.
2). Insure that the vote for the Senate is valid. With so much power concentrated in the Senate, it is essential that the validity of the vote be unquestioned. The painted finger simply would not suffice as a means to monitor the vote. All voters for the Senate would have to show two forms of ID. There may be some initial grumblings about elitism but in situations like this, a process that is perceived to be unfair to a particular ethnic or religious group (as opposed to a class) usually causes the greater turmoil. It would also be a happy (and admittedly, not unnoticed) coincidence that those who are voting for the Senate would be less under the direct influence of the fundamentalists. They would tend to identify themselves more as a doctor or an engineer than simply as a Sunni or a Shiite.
3). Create a Marshall Plan for the Social Infrastructure. This is a country that has endured bombings from without and within. But as bad as the physical infrastructure has deteriorated, it is the social infrastructure that is most crucial to a peaceful Iraq. This is by far the greater priority. The trick may be in ostensibly rebuilding the former while actually repairing the latter. We need a Marshall Plan for the social infrastructure.
Ideally, most of the funds would initially come from the U.S. with most of the public credit going to the Iraqi Oil Ministry. Neither the US government nor the Iraqi federal government should manage it. For obvious reasons the US has to start stepping away from the area. Yet the Iraqi federal government still lacks the necessary level of validity.
4). Several autonomous agencies should be created to oversee various projects. Think the Tennessee Valley Authority or The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. They already have a legal means to do this. Part IV of the Iraqi constitution calls for the creation of independent organizations outside of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
The Prime Minister would appoint the directors of each agency but these also would have to be approved by the Senate. The semi-autonomous agencies would also straddle several provinces. Once the agencies are up and running, the funding would gradually be assumed by oil revenues. Article 110 of the Constitution states that oil revenue should be distributed fairly among the country’s regions and provinces but it does not go into specifics. Having the money effectively distributed through work projects managed by the semi-autonomous agencies (as opposed to the sectarian dominated provinces) is a way to pull the country out of the economic depression it is in while avoiding the type of provincialism that tends to derail economic progress.
All skilled workers on any projects, such as engineers, electricians, plumbers, carpenters, and architects would have to be a card-carrying member of a professional union or guild. By strengthening the hand of the guilds and unions (especially the unions) we’re re-setting the foundation of a professional, civil society while breaking the bonds of tribalism that has re-asserted itself over the last three difficult years. It would also have the effect of further opening up the political process as these workers would have the necessary validation to vote for the future Senate.
Other academic and professional organizations could also be subsidized. It is precisely those types of social networks that short-circuit the rising web of violence. Creating professional organizations or halls that also have a free and subsidized teaching function with some type of certification offered would be a way to involve young people while giving them a sense of meaning apart from the more destructive forces in the country. Something modeled on the former New Deal Civil Conservation Corps might also make sense.
5). Have a high profile group of Sunni and Shiite Clerics from the region stand together with Iraqi Sunni and Shiite religious leaders to specifically condemn certain extreme aspects of the sectarian violence (while staying away from the political). There has been much speculation about involving others in the region, particularly Syria and Iran to address the intense sectarian violence. At this point there certainly needs to be regional participation, but involving individual countries may not be the best avenue to take. In this particular case, it may even be counterproductive. Every country has its own political agenda and the unfortunate fact that the United States is also involved in the mix only complicates matters.
There will be no peace in Iraq without participation from the religious authorities. A group of high profile clerics from the neighboring countries, particularly from Saudi Arabia (to represent the Sunnis), Iran (for the Shiites), and Jordan (as the best case substitute of a neutral buffer) would undoubtedly be more useful. They would have much to gain. More than one observer has said that there is a very real danger that the whole region could be pulled into a Sunni-Shiite War. Perhaps they could help put together and stand with a grand coalition of Iraqi Sunni and Shiite clerics to specifically address the issue. This group should focus solely on certain extreme aspects of the sectarian violence while staying as far from the political as possible.
It’s true that many religious leaders are behind much of the local violence but others have been particularly repulsed by the most recent severe turn of events and methods, which can only be described as barbaric. It is precisely these more severe means and methods of physical engagement that the more moderate Sunni and Shiite religious authorities should stand together to condemn. This is the easiest way to reach and build on a broad consensus in order to pull this situation back from the brink. It should first be stated that attacking a mosque or using a mosque for torture or ritualistic killing is a crime against Islam and humanity. Successive statements could be made specifically condemning the more disturbing manifestations of communal violence such as slow decapitations and execution by power drill. A similar statement should then be made for torture itself. (The U.S. and other countries should be called on the carpet for this as well.) Iraq’s most powerful spiritual leader The Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani could become the best ally on this. The Sunni cleric who stands with him will likely increase in stature in Iraq and the region. Only then, after this vicious circle has been slowed down can the violence in general be addressed.
The Council on American-Islamic relations has had some success with its courageous public statement “Not in the Name of Islam. It seeks to correct distortions of Islam and the Islamic stance on religiously motivated terror. The “Not in the Name of Islam Petition states:
We, the undersigned Muslims, wish to state clearly that those who commit acts of terror, murder and cruelty in the name of Islam are not only destroying innocent lives, but are also betraying the values of the faith they claim to represent. No injustice done to Muslims can ever justify the massacre of innocent people, and no act of terror will ever serve the cause of Islam. We repudiate and dissociate ourselves from any Muslim group or individual who commits such brutal and un-Islamic acts. We refuse to allow our faith to be held hostage by the criminal actions of a tiny minority acting outside the teachings of both the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him.
As it states in the Quran: 'Oh you who believe, stand up firmly for justice, as witnesses to God, even if it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be against rich or poor; for God can best protect both. Do not follow any passion, lest you not be just. And if you distort or decline to do justice, verily God is well-acquainted with all that you do.' (Quran 4:135)
Something along the lines of the “Not in the Name of Islam” Petition should be established with a particular emphasis on the sectarian strife that has manifested itself in Iraq.
We are almost at the point where the situation may dissolve into a total chaos. That will create a humanitarian crisis with possibly hundreds of thousands of additional lives lost, which would undoubtedly spill into the greater region.
Creating a Senate and a Marshall Plan for the socioeconomic infrastructure with major input from the religious authorities in Iraq and the region concerning the social fabric of the country may be just the top down, bottom up, politically self- contained approach that’s needed. It’s possible that this may also be a prototype for other Islamic democratic republics in the region. In Iraq, it may be our last best hope.
After ignoring the necessity for so long, Iraq exit strategies are all the rage among neo-cons these days. Now that they’ve been emboldened by some electoral success, it’s also the main topic of discussion for liberals. Like Richard Nixon’s supposed secret plan to end the Viet Nam war in 1968, most are short on details let alone substance. Almost without exception, they call for the gradual withdrawal of American troops contingent on the Iraqis coming to a viable power sharing arrangement. The long awaited report of the Iraqi Study Group is shaping up to be a non-event along the same lines.
It was originally thought by the neo-cons (and presumably by those democrats who went along with them in voting for this ill-conceived war) that democracy would be a natural and logical by-product of the removal of Saddam Hussein. Some of those same neo-cons now say that democracy may not be possible in Iraq; what’s needed is a strongman to re-assert order. Hopefully, the situation has not deteriorated so badly that the U.S. would publicly support a dictator, although it certainly would not be the first time that the U.S compromised principle in exchange for some imagined stability.
A closer look at the main obstacles to peace (and some reasonable facsimile of democracy) may yield a better way forward. First and foremost is the lack of Sunni involvement. The Sunnis have never fully participated in the process because they understandably feel that the Shiites will overwhelm them. Secondly, a small group of fundamentalists, Sunni and Shiite respectively, are against any democratic process at all. Thirdly, the retributive tide of sectarian violence has almost reached the point of no return. And finally, the issue of Kurdish autonomy is something to be considered within Iraqi and its impact on its neighbors in the greater Gulf region.
With so much on the table, one can see the difficulty of attempting to come to an acceptable arrangement. Wouldn’t a better approach be to put in play a power sharing process as opposed to a point in time arrangement? It would have to be somewhat malleable so that the Iraqis could tweak it and call it their own. It would also, necessarily, have to work well with the existing structure of government. At this stage of the game, it’s much too late to go back to square one to write a new constitution. And most importantly of all, it should be flexible enough to evolve as the situation improves. With that in mind I’d like to propose the following steps.
1). Amend the Iraqi Constitution to create a Senate. The key to a process forward may be in our own Senate. No, our Senators themselves are not the solution. They would undoubtedly make things worse. But creating something like the U.S. Senate to function alongside (and more significantly, in some cases above) the Iraqi General Assembly may be just what’s needed. If a Senate were created roughly comprised of nine districts- three in the Shiite South, three in the Sunni triangle, and three in the Kurdish North, with two senators representing each district, no religious or ethnic group could dominate. This would induce the Sunnis to come back to the table in a meaningful way. The Shiites would be assured in knowing that they would still control a majority of the General Assembly. The Iraqi Senate would work alongside the General Assembly for regular laws. As in our own system, a law would have to be passed by both houses by simple majority. With ten senators needed to pass any law, the various groups would be forced to work together.
The current Constitution already has a process for amendments. And happily, it already has a second legislative body that can function like a Senate. The Council of Union was created to examine bills related to regions and provinces. The rest of its powers have been left open to be determined by future laws. It is this body that could be elevated to the status of “Senate”, although we would still call it by its current name the Council of Union. It might also be possible to legally put this in play ahead of the amendment process.
Ideally, the nine Senate Districts will straddle the eighteen provinces. That is, no province should lie entirely within one Senate district. Creating an overlapping meshwork will strengthen the Federal system. It will circumvent the type of provincialism that can be very obstructionist if much less deadly than the sectarian paradigm we have now. It may also eliminate the need for provinces banding together to form regions as is allowed in Chapter 5 of the Constitution. This particular provision lends a level of uncertainty to the situation particularly from the sectarian standpoint liable to cause problems later. More importantly, it allows for a process forward over the long term. Ideally, the Senate Districts will not be perceived to be Sunni, Shiite, or Kurdish forever.
But it is with its executive powers that the Senate would have the most appeal to the present Iraqi situation. All cabinet positions would have to be approved by a super majority, two-thirds + one. Thirteen Senators would be needed to approve each cabinet position. It would work best if, as in our own system, this were the exclusive province of the Senate. But the General assembly already has that constitutional authority so in this regard they would work in tandem. The Senate would also serve directly (and exclusively) as a board of directors of the oil ministry and the defense ministry.
2). Insure that the vote for the Senate is valid. With so much power concentrated in the Senate, it is essential that the validity of the vote be unquestioned. The painted finger simply would not suffice as a means to monitor the vote. All voters for the Senate would have to show two forms of ID. There may be some initial grumblings about elitism but in situations like this, a process that is perceived to be unfair to a particular ethnic or religious group (as opposed to a class) usually causes the greater turmoil. It would also be a happy (and admittedly, not unnoticed) coincidence that those who are voting for the Senate would be less under the direct influence of the fundamentalists. They would tend to identify themselves more as a doctor or an engineer than simply as a Sunni or a Shiite.
3). Create a Marshall Plan for the Social Infrastructure. This is a country that has endured bombings from without and within. But as bad as the physical infrastructure has deteriorated, it is the social infrastructure that is most crucial to a peaceful Iraq. This is by far the greater priority. The trick may be in ostensibly rebuilding the former while actually repairing the latter. We need a Marshall Plan for the social infrastructure.
Ideally, most of the funds would initially come from the U.S. with most of the public credit going to the Iraqi Oil Ministry. Neither the US government nor the Iraqi federal government should manage it. For obvious reasons the US has to start stepping away from the area. Yet the Iraqi federal government still lacks the necessary level of validity.
4). Several autonomous agencies should be created to oversee various projects. Think the Tennessee Valley Authority or The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. They already have a legal means to do this. Part IV of the Iraqi constitution calls for the creation of independent organizations outside of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
The Prime Minister would appoint the directors of each agency but these also would have to be approved by the Senate. The semi-autonomous agencies would also straddle several provinces. Once the agencies are up and running, the funding would gradually be assumed by oil revenues. Article 110 of the Constitution states that oil revenue should be distributed fairly among the country’s regions and provinces but it does not go into specifics. Having the money effectively distributed through work projects managed by the semi-autonomous agencies (as opposed to the sectarian dominated provinces) is a way to pull the country out of the economic depression it is in while avoiding the type of provincialism that tends to derail economic progress.
All skilled workers on any projects, such as engineers, electricians, plumbers, carpenters, and architects would have to be a card-carrying member of a professional union or guild. By strengthening the hand of the guilds and unions (especially the unions) we’re re-setting the foundation of a professional, civil society while breaking the bonds of tribalism that has re-asserted itself over the last three difficult years. It would also have the effect of further opening up the political process as these workers would have the necessary validation to vote for the future Senate.
Other academic and professional organizations could also be subsidized. It is precisely those types of social networks that short-circuit the rising web of violence. Creating professional organizations or halls that also have a free and subsidized teaching function with some type of certification offered would be a way to involve young people while giving them a sense of meaning apart from the more destructive forces in the country. Something modeled on the former New Deal Civil Conservation Corps might also make sense.
5). Have a high profile group of Sunni and Shiite Clerics from the region stand together with Iraqi Sunni and Shiite religious leaders to specifically condemn certain extreme aspects of the sectarian violence (while staying away from the political). There has been much speculation about involving others in the region, particularly Syria and Iran to address the intense sectarian violence. At this point there certainly needs to be regional participation, but involving individual countries may not be the best avenue to take. In this particular case, it may even be counterproductive. Every country has its own political agenda and the unfortunate fact that the United States is also involved in the mix only complicates matters.
There will be no peace in Iraq without participation from the religious authorities. A group of high profile clerics from the neighboring countries, particularly from Saudi Arabia (to represent the Sunnis), Iran (for the Shiites), and Jordan (as the best case substitute of a neutral buffer) would undoubtedly be more useful. They would have much to gain. More than one observer has said that there is a very real danger that the whole region could be pulled into a Sunni-Shiite War. Perhaps they could help put together and stand with a grand coalition of Iraqi Sunni and Shiite clerics to specifically address the issue. This group should focus solely on certain extreme aspects of the sectarian violence while staying as far from the political as possible.
It’s true that many religious leaders are behind much of the local violence but others have been particularly repulsed by the most recent severe turn of events and methods, which can only be described as barbaric. It is precisely these more severe means and methods of physical engagement that the more moderate Sunni and Shiite religious authorities should stand together to condemn. This is the easiest way to reach and build on a broad consensus in order to pull this situation back from the brink. It should first be stated that attacking a mosque or using a mosque for torture or ritualistic killing is a crime against Islam and humanity. Successive statements could be made specifically condemning the more disturbing manifestations of communal violence such as slow decapitations and execution by power drill. A similar statement should then be made for torture itself. (The U.S. and other countries should be called on the carpet for this as well.) Iraq’s most powerful spiritual leader The Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani could become the best ally on this. The Sunni cleric who stands with him will likely increase in stature in Iraq and the region. Only then, after this vicious circle has been slowed down can the violence in general be addressed.
The Council on American-Islamic relations has had some success with its courageous public statement “Not in the Name of Islam. It seeks to correct distortions of Islam and the Islamic stance on religiously motivated terror. The “Not in the Name of Islam Petition states:
We, the undersigned Muslims, wish to state clearly that those who commit acts of terror, murder and cruelty in the name of Islam are not only destroying innocent lives, but are also betraying the values of the faith they claim to represent. No injustice done to Muslims can ever justify the massacre of innocent people, and no act of terror will ever serve the cause of Islam. We repudiate and dissociate ourselves from any Muslim group or individual who commits such brutal and un-Islamic acts. We refuse to allow our faith to be held hostage by the criminal actions of a tiny minority acting outside the teachings of both the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him.
As it states in the Quran: 'Oh you who believe, stand up firmly for justice, as witnesses to God, even if it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be against rich or poor; for God can best protect both. Do not follow any passion, lest you not be just. And if you distort or decline to do justice, verily God is well-acquainted with all that you do.' (Quran 4:135)
Something along the lines of the “Not in the Name of Islam” Petition should be established with a particular emphasis on the sectarian strife that has manifested itself in Iraq.
We are almost at the point where the situation may dissolve into a total chaos. That will create a humanitarian crisis with possibly hundreds of thousands of additional lives lost, which would undoubtedly spill into the greater region.
Creating a Senate and a Marshall Plan for the socioeconomic infrastructure with major input from the religious authorities in Iraq and the region concerning the social fabric of the country may be just the top down, bottom up, politically self- contained approach that’s needed. It’s possible that this may also be a prototype for other Islamic democratic republics in the region. In Iraq, it may be our last best hope.
Sunday, August 06, 2006
Epilogue to the Danish-Islamic Cartoon Controversy-An Appeal for an Intellectual Consensus.
Epilogue to the Danish-Islamic Cartoon Controversy-
An Appeal for an Intellectual Consensus.
The controversy concerning the Danish cartoons may have faded but the deep issues that drove a few drawings to the forefront of international events remain hidden just beneath the surface. Unfortunately, the vicissitudes of our 24-hr news cycle demand that we divert our attention to the next crises of the moment before any attempt can be made to arrive at some type of reasonable resolution. This particular situation will most certainly erupt again with more tragic consequences. It need not play out that way. It is possible to find some common ground between freedom of expression and respect for beliefs. Unfortunately that usually takes the form of the lowest common denominator, a condescending “can’t we all just get along” approach that virtually assures that we will not. What’s needed is an enlightened consensus. The real issue here was not censorship or intolerance but a lack of intellectual honesty from almost all quarters.
The Danish Newspaper that originally printed the cartoons and the Islamic group that strutted them around the Mideast (along with their own pornographic additions) obviously had agendas that superceded and often contradicted their public statements. Most of the additional players who were drawn in from every side seemed to step into their role more by default than design. Others still, had personal missions that had very little to do with art, religion or freedom.
One of the more self-serving statements came from the culture editor of the Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, that commissioned the cartoons. Fleming Rose said that he wanted to see to what degree self-censorship was at play from fear of violence from Islamic radicals. He cited a comedian who had said that he had no problem urinating on the bible but that he would not dare do the same to the Koran.
Did he honestly need to conduct a pseudo-survey among cartoonists to determine if and to what extent this is true? European writers and artists most certainly have had a head in the sand policy when it comes to Islamic practice. It would be foolish to think that the same self-censorship is not at play here. One does not need to pile up anecdotal information to see that artistic pieces dealing with Islam are conspicuously absent from the world stage.
To be fair, a certain amount of self-censorship surrounds Judeo-Christian ideals as well but it does not approach anywhere near the level it does with Islam. You won’t see a Sarah Silverman starring in a comedy called “Mohammed is Magnificent” anytime in the near future. Most progressive publications would have no problem printing a picture as offensive to Christians such as Andres Serrano’s “Piss Christ” (basically a crucifix submerged in urine. Not one of Serrano’s better pieces but the thought was there.) Yet they would not dare show a work similarly disrespectful to Islam. You won’t even find anything as relatively more benign (yet certainly more powerful and thought provoking) as Salvador Dali’s surreal “Crucifixion” with its homoerotic imagery.
It would be too easy to attribute this to fear of retaliation. Although that’s partly true. Fear of retaliation certainly does come into play. But artists as a whole tend to be a fearless lot. The lack of serious art dealing with Islam may be due to an even more disturbing fact. Many artists simply feel deep down that Islam is not worth challenging. Those who have dared to confront Islamic practice, such as the late Dutch film director Theo Van Gogh, have found themselves casually dismissed by the art community as a gadfly (to say nothing of his brutal treatment by the Islamists that he dared challenge, but more on that in a moment.) The best art is at least somewhat subversive and why bother with subversion if one has been sold into the politically correct consensus that the proper stance should be one of condescending acceptance?
It was painful to see normally well-written publications twist themselves into knots in explaining their decision not to print the cartoons. Most focused on the fact that the cartoons were offensive. And indeed, they were. One portrayed the Prophet as a terrorist. Few were brave enough to honestly admit that fear of retaliation affected their decision not to publish. Fewer still, had the integrity to strongly condemn the twisted logic and racist overtones ingrained in the process that created them. The conservative Jyllands-Posten commissioned these cartoons to specifically lampoon Mohammed. The predictable result was simplistic and sophomoric trash.
The papers that did decide to reprint the cartoons tended to break to opposite sides of the political spectrum. Those on the far right were happy to have the excuse of western solidarity to showcase anti-Islamic images. Those on the left paradoxically reasoned that the cherished ideal of freedom of the press made it their civic obligation to reprint the cartoons. The editors of the alternative weekly New York Press resigned from their positions when their publisher would not allow them to follow suit.
There are better defined principles to fall on one’s sword for. Brave intellectuals would die protecting Dali’s art. Some might even do the same for Serrano. These silly drawings do not approach any serious intellectual’s conception of art. I don’t mean to dismiss cartoons in general. Stan Lee was a great artist. His expansive body of work has had a huge effect on future writers and artists from his position at Marvel comics. Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol are already postmodern classics; their works illuminating the connection between the individual and the pop culture that may yet consume us all. Art should help us to see the world in a new way or force ourselves to look inward deeply enough so that we can see ourselves in a different perspective.
Dozens of people have already died as a direct result of these insipid drawings. Clearly this indicates a larger, serious intellectual crisis. The issue of course, is not Islam but fundamentalism-the same fundamentalism that exists here but in a slightly more pervasive and exponentially more violent strain. The answer does not lie in oppositional dogma of either a secular or religious nature. What is needed is a progressive approach rooted in intellectualism.
To that end it bears worth examining the exact nature of religious fundamentalism. Every so often a spiritual person such a Moses, Jesus, Mohammed or Sidhartha (yes, even Buddhism can and sometimes is practiced in a fundamentalist way.) perceives things in a new light. Qualities such as justice, forgiveness, solidarity, and enlightenment facilitate a period of personal and communal enrichment. The spark quickly catches ushering in a new era of divine inspiration and discernment. But within one or two generations, those in power declare the period of divine inspiration over and decide to dictate the discernment themselves. Joan of Arc was burned at the stake for no greater crime than saying that God had spoken directly to her. Mary Dyer was hung on the Boston Common for the same reason. Social mores, technology, and even style of dress tends to become frozen in place as focus is shifted away from discernment and on to some future perceived endpoint such the Coming of the Messiah (First or Second), Heaven, Paradise, or Nirvana. All action is judged and justified by its ability to expedite the realization of the perceived endpoint. Sacred Ritual devolves into meaningless repetition. Deep Symbolism gives way to jingoistic signs to be fought over.
How do we move forward? We reconnect to that period of divine discernment. We try to see things in a new light based on the real values rather than the material manifestations that have, like weeds, sprung up over time.
The Islamic world should come to understand that the West is not as monolithic as their own societies. Demanding that the Danish Prime Minister apologize for cartoons that neither he nor the Danish government have anything to do with is absurd. Physically attacking embassies and people who only happen to be associated with Denmark or ‘the West’ is beyond criminal. It is barbaric.
Western intellectuals should realize that the Islamic world has many talented writers and thinkers who share their thirst for artistic freedom. It is they, not Jyllands-Posten and their silly cartoons who deserve solidarity and support.
Irshad Manji (The Trouble with Islam) and Reza Aslan (No God but God) are two Muslim writers who very articulately call for some type of reformation within Islam today. Aslan is particularly adept at putting Islam in an historical perspective and demonstrating its vital core. Ayaan Hirsi Ali (The Caged Virgin) is a former Dutch Member of Parliament and outspoken critic of Islam’s treatment of woman. After Muslim fundamentalists killed her friend and colleague, Theo Van Gogh, for making a film critical of Islam, they impaled his body with a letter saying that she would be next. She continues to speak out despite the fact that death threats against her have necessitated 24-hour protection.
Tragically, many more independent Muslim thinkers languish in prisons in Iran, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia for speaking out. Sadly, others such as the Swiss writer Tariq Ramadan (Western Muslims and the Future of Islam) seem to draw their vitality by constantly posturing themselves at the sterile center between the fundamentalists and those Muslims who take real risks to put Islamic practice on some path of needed reform.
We live in a global age. Western writers and artists need to put their shoulder to the wheel. Many American political writers would do well to at least temporarily rise above the myopic Republican vs. Democrat paradigm that has choked American thought for too long. Islamic intellectuals could help American writers in that regard.
The situation may seem bleak but art has always existed in some sort of constrictive environment. Such a setting is actually conducive to great art. There was a time when the Catholic Church controlled almost every facet of life in Europe. It still exerts much influence but centuries ago it had a virtual choke hold on European thought. Yet artists and writers still found a way to challenge and change the landscape.
Dante made a powerful statement about the senior clergy by placing several popes in his mythic journey through purgatory and hell. The painter, Caravaggio put himself in his paintings of Jesus’ crucifixion. By implicating himself by proxy, he challenged the tired thinking that the Jews were Christ-killers. Michelangelo and many other painters and sculptors all pushed the boundaries of sexual freedom. These artists actually made a difference.
It’s important to note that they did this by working somewhat within the existing framework of what was acceptable. They also felt very strongly that the material they were chipping away at had a dynamic core worth preserving. What they were really doing was clearing up some of the brush that had accumulated over the centuries.
It’s a shame that Jyllands-Posten had not chosen artists with a similarly enlightened approach; that they at least knew enough about Islam to have respect for its vital essence. Perhaps then, they would not have produced such ugliness. It was an ugliness that nearly obscured the fact that any depiction of Mohammed would have been considered offensive. Islam, as it’s practiced today, forbids images of Mohammed. It’s one thing to ask a publication to refrain from printing blatantly offensive images. It’s quite another to forbid any representation of what is at the very least an historical figure. As Mr. Rose very succinctly put it, “Some Muslims try to impose their religious taboos in the public domain. In my book that’s not asking for my respect, it’s asking for my submission.” About that at least Mr. Rose has a point.
One wonders how the situation might have played out had Jyllands-Posten simply printed a dignified, even noble picture of Mohammed. I dare say that rather than riots, we might actually have a dialogue. The Koran itself does not prohibit this. The Koran merely forbids images of God. It was later Islamic tradition that forbade depictions of Mohammed on the theory that it would lead to idolatry. This was formulated at a time when pictures were relatively rare. Now that pictures and videos are a ubiquitous part of our culture, a reasonable man can ask- Is not the danger of idolatry from the other direction? Prohibiting the depiction of this one man (or few men, if we include the other prophets revered in Islam, but I doubt their depiction would have struck such a nerve) certainly looks like idolatry. One must make a distinction between Islam and Islamic practice. Islam may be pure and monotheistic but Islamic practice today tends to be idolatrous.
The French philosopher Jean Bauliderid makes an interesting point on our relationship to idols in general. In his book “Simulations” he states “It can be seen that the iconoclasts, who are often accused of despising and denying images, were in fact the ones who accorded them their actual worth, unlike the iconolaters, who saw in them only reflections and were content to venerate God at one remove.”
Other religious traditions have also fallen into the same trap of going too far around the curve and giving vitality to the phenomena that they originally attempted to either de-emphasize or prevent. Buddhism seeks to deny the self. Yet some practitioners ironically become narcissistic in their search for selflessness. Orthodox Judaism puts an emphasis on Jewish law. However, a hyper focus on the letter of the law often puts one in conflict with its spirit of justice and mercy. Similarly, throughout its history, Christianity, which was built on love and forgiveness, has often been the most violent of the world’s religions. At other times it has over extended its message of forgiveness to one of complete indifference which is the opposite of love. The recent pedophile epidemic in the Catholic Church is a good example of that. Priests who were repeat offenders were continually transferred to new parishes after a brief period of rehabilitation and “forgiveness” where they committed a new round of crimes. This was done partly to protect the power structure but also a gross misapplication of the concept of divine forgiveness to the point where it had become blind indifference.
It was almost 13 years ago that Samuel P. Huntington wrote his seminal essay, “The Clash of Civilizations”. In it, he predicted that world politics is entering a new phase in which most international conflict will be cultural. Over the past decade, this has proven true from Bosnia to Somalia. Huntington has indeed proven himself to be quite prescient. Could anyone have predicted two decades ago that the publication of a few silly cartoons would result in world-wide riots leaving over a hundred people dead and many more injured?
But ever the nationalist, Huntington slouches onward and rightward to say that the United States must forge alliances with similar cultures and spread its 'values' (whatever that means) wherever possible. He concludes by saying that the U.S. should be accommodating where possible but confrontational when necessary. Unfortunately Huntington’s theory is used as a blueprint by the neo-conservatives and even a few nominal liberals to further polarize an already culturally conflicted world.
This may also present a good opportunity, perhaps even a necessity, for those of us whose values are framed by neither nationalistic nor religious agendas to address and influence the direction of the same cultural trends. But this means taking strong stands for artistic freedom and religious beliefs that extend beyond mere cultural acquiescence and political correctness.
George Bush, Dick Cheney and the neo-cons in their administration myopically think the way to handle this very real culture clash is to invade foreign countries and force-feed them a cheap aberration of the pretense of democracy that we have here. The Islamic (and to a much lesser extent Christian and Jewish) fundamentalists feel that they can control the conversation through terrorism and by taking advantage of the vacuous politically correct atmosphere that currently pervades European and American thought. Intellectuals from every side of the divide should rise to the challenge to prove them wrong.
An Appeal for an Intellectual Consensus.
The controversy concerning the Danish cartoons may have faded but the deep issues that drove a few drawings to the forefront of international events remain hidden just beneath the surface. Unfortunately, the vicissitudes of our 24-hr news cycle demand that we divert our attention to the next crises of the moment before any attempt can be made to arrive at some type of reasonable resolution. This particular situation will most certainly erupt again with more tragic consequences. It need not play out that way. It is possible to find some common ground between freedom of expression and respect for beliefs. Unfortunately that usually takes the form of the lowest common denominator, a condescending “can’t we all just get along” approach that virtually assures that we will not. What’s needed is an enlightened consensus. The real issue here was not censorship or intolerance but a lack of intellectual honesty from almost all quarters.
The Danish Newspaper that originally printed the cartoons and the Islamic group that strutted them around the Mideast (along with their own pornographic additions) obviously had agendas that superceded and often contradicted their public statements. Most of the additional players who were drawn in from every side seemed to step into their role more by default than design. Others still, had personal missions that had very little to do with art, religion or freedom.
One of the more self-serving statements came from the culture editor of the Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, that commissioned the cartoons. Fleming Rose said that he wanted to see to what degree self-censorship was at play from fear of violence from Islamic radicals. He cited a comedian who had said that he had no problem urinating on the bible but that he would not dare do the same to the Koran.
Did he honestly need to conduct a pseudo-survey among cartoonists to determine if and to what extent this is true? European writers and artists most certainly have had a head in the sand policy when it comes to Islamic practice. It would be foolish to think that the same self-censorship is not at play here. One does not need to pile up anecdotal information to see that artistic pieces dealing with Islam are conspicuously absent from the world stage.
To be fair, a certain amount of self-censorship surrounds Judeo-Christian ideals as well but it does not approach anywhere near the level it does with Islam. You won’t see a Sarah Silverman starring in a comedy called “Mohammed is Magnificent” anytime in the near future. Most progressive publications would have no problem printing a picture as offensive to Christians such as Andres Serrano’s “Piss Christ” (basically a crucifix submerged in urine. Not one of Serrano’s better pieces but the thought was there.) Yet they would not dare show a work similarly disrespectful to Islam. You won’t even find anything as relatively more benign (yet certainly more powerful and thought provoking) as Salvador Dali’s surreal “Crucifixion” with its homoerotic imagery.
It would be too easy to attribute this to fear of retaliation. Although that’s partly true. Fear of retaliation certainly does come into play. But artists as a whole tend to be a fearless lot. The lack of serious art dealing with Islam may be due to an even more disturbing fact. Many artists simply feel deep down that Islam is not worth challenging. Those who have dared to confront Islamic practice, such as the late Dutch film director Theo Van Gogh, have found themselves casually dismissed by the art community as a gadfly (to say nothing of his brutal treatment by the Islamists that he dared challenge, but more on that in a moment.) The best art is at least somewhat subversive and why bother with subversion if one has been sold into the politically correct consensus that the proper stance should be one of condescending acceptance?
It was painful to see normally well-written publications twist themselves into knots in explaining their decision not to print the cartoons. Most focused on the fact that the cartoons were offensive. And indeed, they were. One portrayed the Prophet as a terrorist. Few were brave enough to honestly admit that fear of retaliation affected their decision not to publish. Fewer still, had the integrity to strongly condemn the twisted logic and racist overtones ingrained in the process that created them. The conservative Jyllands-Posten commissioned these cartoons to specifically lampoon Mohammed. The predictable result was simplistic and sophomoric trash.
The papers that did decide to reprint the cartoons tended to break to opposite sides of the political spectrum. Those on the far right were happy to have the excuse of western solidarity to showcase anti-Islamic images. Those on the left paradoxically reasoned that the cherished ideal of freedom of the press made it their civic obligation to reprint the cartoons. The editors of the alternative weekly New York Press resigned from their positions when their publisher would not allow them to follow suit.
There are better defined principles to fall on one’s sword for. Brave intellectuals would die protecting Dali’s art. Some might even do the same for Serrano. These silly drawings do not approach any serious intellectual’s conception of art. I don’t mean to dismiss cartoons in general. Stan Lee was a great artist. His expansive body of work has had a huge effect on future writers and artists from his position at Marvel comics. Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol are already postmodern classics; their works illuminating the connection between the individual and the pop culture that may yet consume us all. Art should help us to see the world in a new way or force ourselves to look inward deeply enough so that we can see ourselves in a different perspective.
Dozens of people have already died as a direct result of these insipid drawings. Clearly this indicates a larger, serious intellectual crisis. The issue of course, is not Islam but fundamentalism-the same fundamentalism that exists here but in a slightly more pervasive and exponentially more violent strain. The answer does not lie in oppositional dogma of either a secular or religious nature. What is needed is a progressive approach rooted in intellectualism.
To that end it bears worth examining the exact nature of religious fundamentalism. Every so often a spiritual person such a Moses, Jesus, Mohammed or Sidhartha (yes, even Buddhism can and sometimes is practiced in a fundamentalist way.) perceives things in a new light. Qualities such as justice, forgiveness, solidarity, and enlightenment facilitate a period of personal and communal enrichment. The spark quickly catches ushering in a new era of divine inspiration and discernment. But within one or two generations, those in power declare the period of divine inspiration over and decide to dictate the discernment themselves. Joan of Arc was burned at the stake for no greater crime than saying that God had spoken directly to her. Mary Dyer was hung on the Boston Common for the same reason. Social mores, technology, and even style of dress tends to become frozen in place as focus is shifted away from discernment and on to some future perceived endpoint such the Coming of the Messiah (First or Second), Heaven, Paradise, or Nirvana. All action is judged and justified by its ability to expedite the realization of the perceived endpoint. Sacred Ritual devolves into meaningless repetition. Deep Symbolism gives way to jingoistic signs to be fought over.
How do we move forward? We reconnect to that period of divine discernment. We try to see things in a new light based on the real values rather than the material manifestations that have, like weeds, sprung up over time.
The Islamic world should come to understand that the West is not as monolithic as their own societies. Demanding that the Danish Prime Minister apologize for cartoons that neither he nor the Danish government have anything to do with is absurd. Physically attacking embassies and people who only happen to be associated with Denmark or ‘the West’ is beyond criminal. It is barbaric.
Western intellectuals should realize that the Islamic world has many talented writers and thinkers who share their thirst for artistic freedom. It is they, not Jyllands-Posten and their silly cartoons who deserve solidarity and support.
Irshad Manji (The Trouble with Islam) and Reza Aslan (No God but God) are two Muslim writers who very articulately call for some type of reformation within Islam today. Aslan is particularly adept at putting Islam in an historical perspective and demonstrating its vital core. Ayaan Hirsi Ali (The Caged Virgin) is a former Dutch Member of Parliament and outspoken critic of Islam’s treatment of woman. After Muslim fundamentalists killed her friend and colleague, Theo Van Gogh, for making a film critical of Islam, they impaled his body with a letter saying that she would be next. She continues to speak out despite the fact that death threats against her have necessitated 24-hour protection.
Tragically, many more independent Muslim thinkers languish in prisons in Iran, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia for speaking out. Sadly, others such as the Swiss writer Tariq Ramadan (Western Muslims and the Future of Islam) seem to draw their vitality by constantly posturing themselves at the sterile center between the fundamentalists and those Muslims who take real risks to put Islamic practice on some path of needed reform.
We live in a global age. Western writers and artists need to put their shoulder to the wheel. Many American political writers would do well to at least temporarily rise above the myopic Republican vs. Democrat paradigm that has choked American thought for too long. Islamic intellectuals could help American writers in that regard.
The situation may seem bleak but art has always existed in some sort of constrictive environment. Such a setting is actually conducive to great art. There was a time when the Catholic Church controlled almost every facet of life in Europe. It still exerts much influence but centuries ago it had a virtual choke hold on European thought. Yet artists and writers still found a way to challenge and change the landscape.
Dante made a powerful statement about the senior clergy by placing several popes in his mythic journey through purgatory and hell. The painter, Caravaggio put himself in his paintings of Jesus’ crucifixion. By implicating himself by proxy, he challenged the tired thinking that the Jews were Christ-killers. Michelangelo and many other painters and sculptors all pushed the boundaries of sexual freedom. These artists actually made a difference.
It’s important to note that they did this by working somewhat within the existing framework of what was acceptable. They also felt very strongly that the material they were chipping away at had a dynamic core worth preserving. What they were really doing was clearing up some of the brush that had accumulated over the centuries.
It’s a shame that Jyllands-Posten had not chosen artists with a similarly enlightened approach; that they at least knew enough about Islam to have respect for its vital essence. Perhaps then, they would not have produced such ugliness. It was an ugliness that nearly obscured the fact that any depiction of Mohammed would have been considered offensive. Islam, as it’s practiced today, forbids images of Mohammed. It’s one thing to ask a publication to refrain from printing blatantly offensive images. It’s quite another to forbid any representation of what is at the very least an historical figure. As Mr. Rose very succinctly put it, “Some Muslims try to impose their religious taboos in the public domain. In my book that’s not asking for my respect, it’s asking for my submission.” About that at least Mr. Rose has a point.
One wonders how the situation might have played out had Jyllands-Posten simply printed a dignified, even noble picture of Mohammed. I dare say that rather than riots, we might actually have a dialogue. The Koran itself does not prohibit this. The Koran merely forbids images of God. It was later Islamic tradition that forbade depictions of Mohammed on the theory that it would lead to idolatry. This was formulated at a time when pictures were relatively rare. Now that pictures and videos are a ubiquitous part of our culture, a reasonable man can ask- Is not the danger of idolatry from the other direction? Prohibiting the depiction of this one man (or few men, if we include the other prophets revered in Islam, but I doubt their depiction would have struck such a nerve) certainly looks like idolatry. One must make a distinction between Islam and Islamic practice. Islam may be pure and monotheistic but Islamic practice today tends to be idolatrous.
The French philosopher Jean Bauliderid makes an interesting point on our relationship to idols in general. In his book “Simulations” he states “It can be seen that the iconoclasts, who are often accused of despising and denying images, were in fact the ones who accorded them their actual worth, unlike the iconolaters, who saw in them only reflections and were content to venerate God at one remove.”
Other religious traditions have also fallen into the same trap of going too far around the curve and giving vitality to the phenomena that they originally attempted to either de-emphasize or prevent. Buddhism seeks to deny the self. Yet some practitioners ironically become narcissistic in their search for selflessness. Orthodox Judaism puts an emphasis on Jewish law. However, a hyper focus on the letter of the law often puts one in conflict with its spirit of justice and mercy. Similarly, throughout its history, Christianity, which was built on love and forgiveness, has often been the most violent of the world’s religions. At other times it has over extended its message of forgiveness to one of complete indifference which is the opposite of love. The recent pedophile epidemic in the Catholic Church is a good example of that. Priests who were repeat offenders were continually transferred to new parishes after a brief period of rehabilitation and “forgiveness” where they committed a new round of crimes. This was done partly to protect the power structure but also a gross misapplication of the concept of divine forgiveness to the point where it had become blind indifference.
It was almost 13 years ago that Samuel P. Huntington wrote his seminal essay, “The Clash of Civilizations”. In it, he predicted that world politics is entering a new phase in which most international conflict will be cultural. Over the past decade, this has proven true from Bosnia to Somalia. Huntington has indeed proven himself to be quite prescient. Could anyone have predicted two decades ago that the publication of a few silly cartoons would result in world-wide riots leaving over a hundred people dead and many more injured?
But ever the nationalist, Huntington slouches onward and rightward to say that the United States must forge alliances with similar cultures and spread its 'values' (whatever that means) wherever possible. He concludes by saying that the U.S. should be accommodating where possible but confrontational when necessary. Unfortunately Huntington’s theory is used as a blueprint by the neo-conservatives and even a few nominal liberals to further polarize an already culturally conflicted world.
This may also present a good opportunity, perhaps even a necessity, for those of us whose values are framed by neither nationalistic nor religious agendas to address and influence the direction of the same cultural trends. But this means taking strong stands for artistic freedom and religious beliefs that extend beyond mere cultural acquiescence and political correctness.
George Bush, Dick Cheney and the neo-cons in their administration myopically think the way to handle this very real culture clash is to invade foreign countries and force-feed them a cheap aberration of the pretense of democracy that we have here. The Islamic (and to a much lesser extent Christian and Jewish) fundamentalists feel that they can control the conversation through terrorism and by taking advantage of the vacuous politically correct atmosphere that currently pervades European and American thought. Intellectuals from every side of the divide should rise to the challenge to prove them wrong.
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